Tahukah anda tentang cegukan?

Cegukan adalah kontraksi tiba-tiba yang tak disengaja pada diafragma, dan umumnya terjadi berulang-ulang setiap menitnya. Udara yang tiba-tiba lewat ke dalam paru-paru menyebabkan glottis (ruang antara pita suara) menutup, serta menyebabkan terjadinya suara hik. Cegukan umumnya akan selesai dengan sendirinya, meskipun ada beberapa pengobatan rumah tangga (home remedy) untuk mempercepat penyembuhan cegukan, dan ada beberapa pengobatan yang dibutuhkan. Istilah medis untuk cegukan adalah singultus.

Penyebab

1. Makan dan minum terlalu cepat.
2. Makan dan minum banyak.
3. Sangat emosional.
4. Langsung minum air dingin setelah makan makanan yang panas atau pedas.
5. Tertawa terlalu keras.
6. Batuk terlalu keras.
7. Tekanan Saraf Frenik oleh struktur anatomi yang lain.
8. Penyakit ginjal.
9. Perilaku tidak baik.
10. Keseimbangan elektrolit tidak memadai.
11. Adanya benda asing di telinga.
12. Iritasi pada saraf fregus dan frenikus.
13. Akibat udara dingin di sekitar tubuh kita, bisa disebabkan karena AC (air conditioner) atau kipas.

Pengobatan

Untuk menghentikan kecegukan bisa dilakukan tindakan berikut:

1. Menahan napas, karena dengan menahan napas maka kadar karbondioksida di dalam darah meningkat, sehingga kecegukan berhenti.
2. Bernapas di dalam kantong kertas.
3. Minum segelas air dingin dengan perlahan sedikit demi sedikit.
4. Mengunyah roti kering atau es batu yang diserut.
5. Menarik lidah dengan tangan.
6. Menggosok bola mata secara perlahan.
7. Membalik posisi tubuh dengan meletakan kepala dibawah kaki diatas.
8. Tidur berbaring dengan kedua lutut ditekuk ke arah perut.
9. Menelan gula pasir kering di satu sendok teh.
10. Mandi dan keramas dengan air yang diberi es batu.
11. Berenang di air dingin dengan suhu 20-25 derajat minimal 20 menit.
12. Bernafas dengan tenang

Bila cegukan tak mau hilang tetapi sudah melakukan praktik di atas, segera bawa ke dokter terdekat dan terpercaya.

Rekor dunia

• The Guinness World Records mencatat rekor cegukan terlama (1922-1990) dipegang oleh Charles Osborne (1894-1991) dari Anthon, Iowa (Amerika Serikat). Cegukan tersebut dimulai pada tahun 1922 dengan frekuensi 40 kali per menit, melambat menjadi 20 kali, dan akhirnya berhenti pada bulan Februari 1990, dengan total waktu selama 68 tahun.[1]

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a hiccup

A hiccup (/ˈhɪkəp/ HIK-əp; also spelled hiccough) is an involuntary contraction (myoclonic jerk) of the diaphragm that may repeat several times per minute. In medicine, it is known as synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF), or singultus, Latin for the act of catching one's breath while sobbing.^[1] The hiccup is an involuntary action involving a reflex arc.^[1] Once triggered, the reflex causes a strong contraction of the diaphragm followed about 0.25 seconds later by closure of the vocal cords, which results in the classic "hic" sound. At the same time, the normal peristalsis of the esophagus is suppressed.^{[citation needed]}
Hiccups may occur individually, or they may occur in bouts. The rhythm of the hiccup, or the time between hiccups, tends to be relatively constant.
A bout of hiccups, in general, resolves itself without intervention, although many home remedies are often used to attempt to shorten the duration.^[2] Medical treatment is occasionally necessary in cases of chronic hiccups.
Phylogenetic hypothesis An international respiratory research group composed of members from Canada, France and Japan proposed that the hiccup is an evolutionary remnant of earlier amphibian respiration.^[3] Amphibians such as tadpoles gulp air and water across their gills via a rather simple motor reflex akin to mammalian hiccuping. The motor pathways that enable hiccuping form early during fetal development, before the motor pathways that enable normal lung ventilation form. Thus, according to recapitulation theory the hiccup is evolutionarily antecedent to modern lung respiration.
Additionally, this group (C. Stauss et al.) points out that hiccups and amphibian gulping are inhibited by elevated CO₂ and may be stopped by GABAB receptor agonists, illustrating a possible shared physiology and evolutionary heritage. These proposals may explain why premature infants spend 2.5% of their time hiccuping, possibly gulping like amphibians, as their lungs are not yet fully formed.^[4]
Fetal intrauterine hiccups are of two types. The physiological type occurs prior to twenty-eight weeks after conception and tend to last five to ten minutes. These hiccups are part of fetal development and are associated with the myelination of the phrenic nerve, which primarily controls the thoracic diaphragm.
The phylogeny hypothesis explains how the hiccup reflex might have evolved, and if there is not an explanation it may explain hiccups as an evolutionary remnant, held-over from our amphibious ancestors.^[5] This hypothesis has been questioned because of the existence of the afferent loop of the reflex, the fact that it does not explain the reason for glottic closure, and because the very short contraction of the hiccup is unlikely to have a significant strengthening effect on the slow-twitch muscles of respiration.

Clearance of air from stomach

A more recent explanation by Howes in 2012 suggests that hiccups may have evolved along with other reflexes developed in mammals that allow them to coordinate suckling milk and breathing.^[6] Hiccups are only found in mammals, and are most common in infants, becoming rarer as mammals age. This may suggest that they evolved to allow air trapped in the stomach of suckling infants to escape, allowing more milk to be ingested. The hypothesis suggests that the air bubble in the stomach stimulates the sensory limb of the reflex at receptors in the stomach, esophagus and along the diaphragm. This triggers the hiccup, which creates suction in the chest, pulling air from the stomach up and out through the mouth, effectively burping the animal. This theory is supported by the strong tendency for infants to get hiccups, the component of the reflex that suppresses peristalsis in the esophagus, and the existence of hiccups only in milk-drinking mammals.

Signs and symptoms

• A single or a series of breathing diaphragm spasms, of variable spacing and duration.
• A brief (less than one half second), unexpected, shoulder, abdomen, throat, or full body tremor.
• Hiccups may present as an audible chirp, squeak, "hupp", or if controlled, a quick inhaling gasp, sigh, or sniff.
• Hiccups may present as brief but distracting or painful, frequent or occasional interruptions in normal breathing, with sudden momentary pain of the throat, chest, and/or abdomen.

Causes

• Coughing
• Rapid eating^[6]
• Intense emotions such as fear, anxiety, excitement, joy, or euphoria
• Carbonated beverages, alcohol, dry breads, and some spicy foods^[7]
• Laughing^[8]

Pathologic causes for hiccups

Hiccups may be triggered by a number of common human conditions. Rarely, they can be a sign of serious medical problems.

Pre-phrenic nucleus irritation of medulla

Clinical case reports mention that lesions of the medulla that involve the area slightly ventral and lateral to nucleus and tractus solitarius cause hiccups. One (of several) explanations for this finding is that such a lesion “irritates” descending information from nucleus solitarius to the phrenic nucleus. The phrenic nucleus consists of a functionally related group of cell bodies in the ventral horn from C3-C5. Axons arising from the phrenic nucleus comprise the phrenic nerve, which innervates the diaphragm. The hiccups result from spasmodic lowering of the diaphragm that causes a short, sharp inspiratory cough. Brain stem lesions involving the area ventral and lateral to nucleus and tractus solitarius result in hiccup.^[9]

• Coughing
• Metabolic diseases^{[citation needed]}
• Diabetes^{[citation needed]}
• Kidney failure^[10]
• Electrolyte imbalance^{[citation needed]}
• Deviated septum^{[citation needed]}

Infections

• Pneumonia^{[citation needed]}
• CLD^{[citation needed]}

CNS disorders

• Stroke ^[10]
• Multiple sclerosis^[11]
• Tumors^{[citation needed]}
• Meningitis ^[10]
• Encephalitis^{[citation needed]}
• Traumatic brain injury^{[citation needed]}

Nerve damage/irritation

• Vagus and phrenic nerve involvement^{[citation needed]}
• Laryngitis^{[citation needed]}
• Cysts^{[citation needed]}
• Goiter^{[citation needed]}
• Gastroesophageal reflux^[12]

Treatment

Hiccups are normally treated at home through self-care. Hiccups are treated medically only in severe and persistent (termed "intractable") cases.
Numerous medical remedies exist but no particular treatment is known to be especially effective.^[13] Many drugs have been used, such as baclofen, chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, gabapentin, and various proton-pump inhibitors. Hiccups that are secondary to some other cause like gastroesophageal reflux disease or esophageal webs are dealt with by treating the underlying disorder. The phrenic nerve can be blocked temporarily with injection of 0.5% procaine, or permanently with bilateral phrenicotomy or other forms of surgical destruction. Even this rather drastic treatment does not cure some cases, however.
An anecdotal medical approach is to install lidocaine liniment 3% or gel 2% into the ear canal. Somehow this creates a vagus nerve-triggering reflex through its extensions to the external ear and tympanus (ear drum). The effect can be immediate, and also have lasting effect after the lidocaine effect expires after about two hours.^[14]
Haloperidol (Haldol, an anti-psychotic and sedative), metoclopramide (Reglan, a gastrointestinal stimulant), and chlorpromazine (Thorazine, an anti-psychotic with strong sedative effects) are used in cases of intractable hiccups. Effective treatment with sedatives often requires a dose that renders the person either unconscious or highly lethargic. Hence, medicating with sedatives is only appropriate short-term, as the affected individual cannot continue with normal life activities while under their effect.
Persistent and intractable hiccups due to electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia, hyponatremia) may benefit from drinking a carbonated beverage containing salt to normalize the potassium–sodium balance in the nervous system.^{[citation needed]} The carbonation promotes quicker absorption. Carbonated beverages, including beer, by themselves may provoke hiccups in some people.^{[citation needed]}
The administration of intranasal vinegar was found to ease the chronic and severe hiccups of a three-year old Japanese girl. Vinegar may stimulate the dorsal wall of the nasopharynx, where the pharyngeal branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (the afferent of the hiccup reflex arc) is located.^[15]
Bryan R. Payne, a neurosurgeon at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center in New Orleans, has had some success with an experimental procedure in which a vagus nerve stimulator is implanted in the upper chest of patients with an intractable case of hiccups. "It sends rhythmic bursts of electricity to the brain by way of the vagus nerve, which passes through the neck. The Food and Drug Administration approved the vagus nerve stimulator in 1997 as a way to control seizures in some patients with epilepsy."^[16]
Lockhart stated that hiccups can sometimes be cured by pinching the skin that covers the surface of the deltoid muscles, thus pinching the phrenic nerve branch located there.^[17]

Self-care and folk remedies

There are many superstitious and folk remedies for hiccups, including headstanding, drinking a glass of water upside-down, being frightened by someone, breathing into a bag, and eating a large spoonful of peanut butter. Placing sugar on or under the tongue has also been used.^[18][19]
A simple treatment involves increasing the partial pressure of CO₂ and inhibiting diaphragm activity by holding one’s breath or rebreathing into a paper bag. Vagus nerve stimulation can improve hiccups, done at home by irritating the pharynx through swallowing dry bread or crushed ice, or by applying traction to the tongue, or by stimulating the gag reflex.
In Plato's Symposium, Aristophanes has a case of the hiccups and is advised by Eryximachus, a physician, to cure them by holding his breath, or, failing that, by gargling or provoking sneezing. This ancient recommendation can be compared with the vagus nerve stimulation techniques mentioned previously.

Society and culture

American Charles Osborne had hiccups for 68 years, from 1922 to February 1990,^[20] and was entered in the Guinness World Records as the man with the longest attack of hiccups, an estimated 430 million hiccups.^[21] In 2007, Florida teenager Jennifer Mee gained media fame for hiccuping around 50 times per minute for more than five weeks.^[22][23] Christopher Sands, a Briton, hiccupped an estimated 10 million times in a 27-month period from February 2007, to May 2009. His condition, which meant that he could hardly eat or sleep, was eventually discovered to be caused by a tumor on his brain stem pushing on nerves causing him to hiccup every two seconds, 12 hours a day. His hiccups stopped in 2009 following surgery.^[24]
In Slavic, Baltic and Hungarian folklore, it is said that hiccups occur when the person experiencing them is being talked about by someone not present. In Indian, Nepalese, and Arabic folklore, they are similarly said to occur when the person experiencing them is being thought of by somebody close.

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slimming drug dangers

slimming drug dangers

Jakarta , Losing weight is not easy . In desperation , many people who take slimming drugs to lose weight instantly . But you should not carelessly taking slimming drugs have many side effects .
Healthy weight loss should be done by increasing physical activity along with eating a healthy diet , not by way of instant like taking slimming drugs . One-one , your body is so damaged even made ​​.
Here are some of the side effects of slimming drugs that often occur , ranging from mild to the most severe , as reported Onlymyhealth ,
1 . Digestive Problems
The most common side effects of slimming drugs is gastric complaints . There is a fat blocker that is present in slimming drug and can cause indigestion , excessive gas and even diarrhea .
Most of the elements also reduces the body's ability to absorb vitamins . Vitamin deficiency in the body is a common side effect of slimming drugs . Therefore , the people who take drugs need to take a multivitamin additional slimming .
2 . Suppression hunger
There are many horror stories are enough to show how slimming drugs can kill . Slimming drugs usually contain an element called sibutramine , which triggers the sympathetic nervous system . It suppresses hunger but also can increase a person's normal heartbeat that can lead to attacks if not controlled .
Delirium ( impaired consciousness ) , hyperactivity , increased blood pressure , hot flushes and insomnia is a side effect of the suppression of hunger extra conducted by slimming drug . In fact , several people reportedly suffered a blood clot that occurs due to increased blood pressure .
3 . Uncomfortable body
Despite the fact that slimming drugs can expose you to the danger of heart attack , these pills can also cause discomfort in the body .
People who take these pills usually do not have control over bowel movements ( BAB ) . Increased flatulence and oily stools are also a few additional discomfort in people who consume a slimming drug . Other effects , such as headaches , abdominal pain , dry mouth and throat , addiction and constipation .
4 . Premature menopause
Dr. Frizar Irmansyah , SpOG , gynecologists from Pertamina Central Hospital explains in general slimming drugs purchased without a prescription can indeed make a slim woman with an instant way . But the effect , slimming drugs that carelessly can cause women to urinate excessively.

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simple ways to be beautiful

White does not have to be expensive , there are plenty of inexpensive materials that could make mrenjadi white woman . Making scrubs themselves naturally bleach is a solution for women who want to look white and healthy . Indeed, there are many beauty products such as skin whitening method available in the market . But make bleach scrub itself is a beautiful solution to a healthy and safe at the same time . Not can not use a commercially available product kmiawai , but wrong - wrong in choosing a product like this will beakibat fatal skin . Boro - boro want to get beautiful skin can even poor skin due to exposure to the wrong beauty products .How to Make Your Own Body Scrub WhiteningFor those of you interested in making your own natural body scrub bleach we will give you a few recipes to make natural skin whitening scrubs are all this way using natural ingredients and spices available in the kitchen you . Here's how:Making Natural Whitening Body Scrub1 . Salt and sugarThe second is a mixture of natural ingredients effectively removes dead skin . Mix the two ingredients ( salt and sugar ) and apply on the skin as a scrub , rubbing to remove dead skin cells .
2 . MilkMilk is not only a full minuma calcium , but also good for skin whitening . Way too simple , applying enough anmda white milk on your face every going to bed , use a soft cloth to rub the milk on the entire facial area , biarkanhingga 15-20 minutes , then rinse thoroughly .
3 . Uses of Olive OilFamiliar to us olive oil , in the beauty every effort olive oil is always a priority . Not only moisturize the face , but also can whiten the face naturally . Olive oil works lift dead skin cells from the face so that the face be shining and bright .
4 . LemonsFruit is dihandalakan in removing the stench of fish is very good at becoming a natural bleach . Lime beneficial to tighten the skin, eliminate dead skin cells and can meutihkan face naturally .
5 . YogurtScrubs make bleach from the same Hampis yogurt using milk , yogurt is by applying to the skin , and yogurt works to eliminate black spots and various black and mengubhanya skin becomes brighter and cleaner .
Making bleach itself from the knee is very easy to do , but we settled some still many who prefer to use beauty products that are processed through chemicals . You are actually legitimate use of chemical products , but if the material is not suitable to your skin then the opposite happened instead is lack beauty .

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sedikit tips untuk menjadi cantik

Putih tidak harus mahal, ada banyak bahan murah yang bisa membuat wanita mrenjadi putih. Membuat lulur pemutih sendiri secara alami adalah solusi bagi wanita yang ingin tampil putih dan sehat. Memang ada banyak produk kecantikan seperti cara memutihkan kulit yang tersedia dipasaran. Tetapi membuat lulur pemutih sendiri adalah solusi untuk cantik sekaligus sehat dan aman. BUkan tidak bisa menggunakan produk kmiawai yang tersedia dipasaran, tetapi salah-salah dalam memilih produk seperti ini akan beakibat fatal pada kulit wajah. Boro-boro ingin mendapatkan kulit cantik malah dapat kulit jelek akibat paparan produk kecantikan yang salah.

Bagi anda tertarik untuk membuat sendiri lulur pemutih alami kami akan memberikan beberapa resep membuat lulur pemutih kulit secara alami yang kesemua cara ini menggunakan bahan alami dan rempah-rempah yang tersedia didapur anda. Berikut caranya:

Membuat Lulur Pemutih Secara Alami

1. Garam dan gula
Campuran kedua bahan alami ini efektif menghilangkan kulit mati. Campurkan kedua bahan (garam dan gula) dan oleskan pada kulit sebagai scrub, gosok-gosok untuk menghilangkan sel kulit mati.

2. Susu
Susu tidak hanya sebagai minuma penuh kalsium, tetapi juga bagus untuk memutihkan kulit. Cara juga sederhana, anmda cukup mengoleskan susu putih pada wajah anda setiap hendak tidur, gunakan kain lembut untuk menggosok susu pada seluruh area wajah, biarkanhingga 15-20 menit, kemudian bilas hingga bersih.

3. Menggunakan Minyak Zaitun
Tidak asing lagi bagi kita minyak zaitun, dalam setiap usaha kecantikan selalu saja minyak zaitun menjadi prioritas. BUkan hanya melembabkan wajah, tetapi juga bisa memutihkan wajah secara alami. Minyak zaitun bekerja mengangkat sel-sel kulit mati dari wajah sehingga wajah menjadi bersinar dan cerah.

4. Jeruk nipis
Buah yang dihandalakan dalam menghilangkan bau amis pada ikan ini sangat bagus menjadi bahan pemutih alami. Jeruk nipis bermanfaat untuk mengencangkan kulit, menghilangkan sel-sel kulit mati dan bisa meutihkan wajah secara alami.

5. Yogurt
Membuat lulur pemutih dari yogurt hampis sama dengan menggunakan susu, yaitu dengan mengoleskan yogurt pada kulit, dan yogurt bekerja menghilangkan flek hitam serta berbagai warna hitam pada kulit dan mengubhanya menjadi lebih cerah dan bersih.

Membuat lulut pemutih sendiri dari rumah sangat mudah untuk dilakukan, tetapi sebahagian kita masih banyak juga yang suka menggunakan produk kecantikan yang diproses melalui bahan kimiawi. Sebenarnya anda sah-sah saja menggunakan produk kimiawi, tetapi kalau bahan tersebut tidak cocok dengan kulit anda maka yang terjadi malah kebalikannya yaitu ketidak cantikan.

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tugas KKPI soal blog

Soal soal blog from ririnseptiana

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health benefits of coffe

Top 13 Evidence-Based Health Benefits of Coffee

Coffee is actually very healthy.
It is loaded with antioxidants and beneficial nutrients that can improve your health.
The studies show that coffee drinkers have a much lower risk of several serious diseases.
Here are the top 13 evidence-based health benefits of coffee, that have been confirmed in actual human studies.

1. Coffee Can Improve Energy Levels and Make You Smarter

Coffee can help people feel less tired and increase energy levels (1, 2).
This is because it contains a stimulant called caffeine, which is actually the most commonly consumed psychoactive substance in the world (3).
After you drink coffee, the caffeine is absorbed into the bloodstream. From there, it travels into the brain (4).
In the brain, caffeine blocks an inhibitory neurotransmitter called Adenosine.
When that happens, the amount of other neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and dopamine actually increases, leading to enhanced firing of neurons (5, 6).
Many controlled trials in humans show that coffee improves various aspects of brain function. This includes memory, mood, vigilance, energy levels, reaction times and general cognitive function (7, 8, 9).

Bottom Line: Caffeine blocks an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, which leads to a stimulant effect. This improves energy levels, mood and various aspects of brain function.

2. Coffee Can Help You Burn Fat

Did you know that caffeine is found in almost every commercial fat burning supplement?
There’s a good reason for that… caffeine is one of the very few natural substances that have actually been proven to aid fat burning.
Several studies show that caffeine can boost the metabolic rate by 3-11% (10, 11).
Other studies show that caffeine can specifically increase the burning of fat, by as much as 10% in obese individuals and 29% in lean people (12, 13).
However, it is possible that these effects will diminish in long-term coffee drinkers.

Bottom Line: Several studies show that caffeine can increase fat burning in the body and boost the metabolic rate.

3. The Caffeine Can Drastically Improve Physical Performance

Caffeine stimulates the nervous system, causing it to send signals to the fat cells to break down body fat (14, 15).
But caffeine also increases Epinephrine (Adrenaline) levels in the blood (16, 17).
This is the “fight or flight” hormone, designed to make our bodies ready for intense physical exertion.
Caffeine makes the fat cells break down body fat, releasing them into the blood as free fatty acids and making them available as fuel (18, 19).
Given these effects, it is not surprising to see that caffeine can improve physical performance by 11-12%, on average (20, 21).
Because of this, it makes sense to have a strong cup of coffee about a half an hour before you head to the gym.

Bottom Line: Caffeine can increase adrenaline levels and release fatty acids from the fat tissues. It also leads to significant improvements in physical performance.

4. There Are Essential Nutrients in Coffee

Coffee is more than just black water. Many of the nutrients in the coffee beans do make it into the final drink.

A single cup of coffee contains (22):

• Riboflavin (Vitamin B2): 11% of the RDA.
• Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): 6% of the RDA.
• Manganese and Potassium: 3% of the RDA.
• Magnesium and Niacin (B3): 2% of the RDA.

Although this may not seem like a big deal, most people are drinking more than one cup per day. If you drink 3-4, then these amounts quickly add up.

Bottom Line: Coffee contains several important nutrients, including Riboflavin, Pantothenic Acid, Manganese, Potassium, Magnesium and Niacin.

5. Coffee May Lower Your Risk of Type II Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a gigantic health problem, currently afflicting about 300 million people worldwide.
It is characterized by elevated blood sugars in the context of insulin resistance or an inability to secrete insulin.
For some reason, coffee drinkers have a significantly reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
The studies show that people who drink the most coffee have a 23-50% lower risk of getting this disease, one study showing a reduction as high as 67% (23, 24, 25, 26, 27).
According to a massive review that looked at data from 18 studies with a total of 457,922 individuals, each daily cup of coffee was associated with a 7% reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes (28).

Bottom Line: Several observational studies show that coffee drinkers have a much lower risk of getting type II diabetes, a serious disease that currently afflicts about 300 million people worldwide.

6. Coffee May Protect You From Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia worldwide.
This disease usually affects people over 65 years of age.
Unfortunately, there is no known cure for Alzheimer’s.
However, there are several things you can do to prevent the disease from showing up in the first place.
This includes the usual suspects like eating healthy and exercising, but drinking coffee may be incredibly effective as well.
Several studies show that coffee drinkers have up to a 65% lower risk of getting Alzheimer’s disease (29, 30, 31).

Bottom Line: Coffee drinkers have a much lower risk of getting Alzheimer’s disease, which is a leading cause of dementia worldwide.

7. Caffeine May Lower The Risk of Parkinson’s

Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, right after Alzheimer’s.
It is caused by death of dopamine-generating neurons in the brain.
Same as with Alzheimer’s, there is no known cure, which makes it that much more important to focus on prevention.

In studies, coffee drinkers have a much lower risk of developing Parkinson’s disease, with a reduction in risk ranging from 32-60% (32, 33, 34, 35).
In this case, it appears to be the caffeine itself that is causing the effect. People who drink decaf don’t have a lower risk of Parkinson’s (36, 37).

Bottom Line: Coffee drinkers have up to a 60% lower risk of getting Parkinson’s disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder.

8. Coffee Appears to Have Protective Effects on The Liver

The liver is an amazing organ that carries out hundreds of important functions in the body.
Several common diseases primarily affect the liver, including hepatitis, fatty liver disease and others.
Many of these diseases can lead to a condition called cirrhosis, in which the liver has been largely replaced by scar tissue.
It turns out that coffee may protect against cirrhosis. People who drink 4 or more cups per day have up to an 80% lower risk (38, 39, 40).

Bottom Line: Coffee drinkers have a much lower risk of developing cirrhosis, which can be caused by several diseases that affect the liver.

9. Coffee Can Fight Depression and Make You Happier

Depression is a serious mental disorder that causes a significantly reduced quality of life.
It is incredibly common and about 4.1% of people in the U.S. currently meet the criteria for clinical depression (41).
In a Harvard study published in 2011, women who drank 4 or more cups per day had a 20% lower risk of becoming depressed (42).
Another study with 208,424 individuals found that those who drank 4 or more cups per day were 53% less likely to commit suicide (43).

Bottom Line: Coffee appears to lower the risk of developing depression and may dramatically reduce the risk of suicide.

10. Coffee Drinkers Have a Lower Risk of Some Types of Cancer

Cancer is one of the world’s leading causes of death and is characterized by uncontrolled growth of cells in the body.
Coffee appears to be protective against two types of cancer… liver cancer and colorectal cancer.
Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in the world, while colorectal cancer ranks fourth (44).
Studies show that coffee drinkers have up to a 40% lower risk of liver cancer (45, 46).
One study of 489,706 individuals found that those who drank 4-5 cups of coffee per day had a 15% lower risk of colorectal cancer (47).

Bottom Line: Liver and colorectal cancer are the 3rd and 4th leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Coffee drinkers have a lower risk of both.

11. Coffee Does Not Cause Heart Disease and May Lower The Risk of Stroke

It is often claimed that caffeine can increase blood pressure.
This is true, but the effect is small (3-4 mm/Hg) and usually goes away if you drink coffee regularly (48, 49).
However, the effect may persist in some people, so keep that in mind if you have elevated blood pressure (50, 51).
That being said, the studies do NOT support the myth that coffee raises the risk of heart disease (52, 53).
In fact, there is some evidence that women who drink coffee have a reduced risk of heart disease (54).
Some studies also show that coffee drinkers have a 20% lower risk of stroke (55, 56).

Bottom Line: Coffee may cause mild increases in blood pressure, which usually diminish over time. Coffee drinkers do not have an increased risk of heart disease, but a slightly lower risk of stroke.

12. Coffee May Help You Live Longer

Given that coffee drinkers are less likely to get many diseases, it makes sense that coffee could help you live longer.
There are actually several observational studies showing that coffee drinkers have a lower risk of death.
In two very large studies, drinking coffee was associated with a 20% lower risk of death in men and a 26% lower risk of death in women, over a period of 18-24 years (57).
This effect appears to be particularly strong in type II diabetics. In one study, diabetics who drank coffee had a 30% lower risk of death during a 20 year study period (58).

Bottom Line: Several studies show that coffee drinkers live longer and have a lower risk of premature death.

13. Coffee is The Biggest Source of Antioxidants in The Western Diet

For people who eat a standard Western diet, coffee may actually be the healthiest aspect of the diet.
That’s because coffee contains a massive amount of antioxidants.
In fact, studies show that most people get more antioxidants from coffee than both fruits and vegetables… combined (59, 60, 61).
Coffee is one of the healthiest beverages on the planet. Period.

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